Language Description[]
- Phonological Constraints - "C + V + (ʔ) + (C)"
- OSV - Sentence Component Structure
- Isolating Morphology
- Highly Analytic Sentence Composition
Phonology[]
- See International Phonetic Alphabet for further details.
Consonant[]
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Velar
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Uvular
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Glottal
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Stop
|
|
|
|
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' [ʔ]
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Ejective
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p [p'] |
t [t'] |
k [k'] |
q [q'] |
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Implosive
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b [ɓ] |
d [ɗ] |
g [ɠ] |
ǥ [ʛ] |
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Fricative-Ejective
|
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s [s'] |
x [x'] |
ẍ [χ']
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Trill-Ejective
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ƀ [ʙ'] |
|
|
|
ɍ [ʀ']
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Click
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ḃ [ʘ͡ʔ] |
ḋ [ǃ͡ʔ] |
|
|
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Vowels[]
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Front
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Near-Front
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Near-Back
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Back
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Close
|
i |
|
|
u
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Near-Close
|
|
ɪ |
ʊ |
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Close-Mid
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e |
|
|
o
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Grammar[]
Verbs[]
Tense[]
- Past - "ḃu+ [ʘ͡ʔu]"
- Continual - "ḋẽ+ [ǃ͡ʔeɪ]"
- Future - "tib+ [t'iɓ]"
Mood[]
- Imperative - "+si't [s'iʔt']"
- Interrogative - "+kũǥ [k'uʊʛ]"
Nouns[]
Case[]
- Genitive - "+pid [p'iɗ]"
- Possessive - "+ẍu' [χ'uʔ]"
Adjectives[]
Particles[]
Personal Pronouns[]
- First - "ḃĩ'tu' [ʘ͡ʔiɪʔt'uʔ]"
- Second - "ḃi'õ' [ʘ͡ʔiʔoʊʔ]"
- Third - "ḋẽ'u't [ǃ͡ʔeɪʔuʔt']'"
Table of Correlatives[]
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Interrogative (ku [k'u])
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Demonstrative
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Quantifier
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Proximal (gi' [ɠiʔ])
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Distal (bũ'k [ɓuʊʔk'])
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Existential (sẽ [s'eɪ])
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Elective (ḃe [ʘ͡ʔe])
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Universal (ki't [k'iʔt'])
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Negative (ƀi [ʙ'i])
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Determiner (ẍĩ [χ'iɪ])
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ẍĩku [χ'iɪk'u] |
ẍĩgi' [χ'iɪɠiʔ] |
ẍĩbũ'k [χ'iɪɓuʊʔk'] |
ẍĩsẽ [χ'iɪs'eɪ] |
ẍĩḃe [χ'iɪʘ͡ʔe] |
ẍĩki't [χ'iɪk'iʔt'] |
ẍĩƀi [χ'iɪʙ'i]
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Pronoun
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Object (ḃuq [ʘ͡ʔuq'])
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ḃuqku [ʘ͡ʔuq'k'u] |
ḃuqgi' [ʘ͡ʔuq'ɠiʔ] |
ḃuqbũ'k [ʘ͡ʔuq'ɓuʊʔk'] |
ḃuqsẽ [ʘ͡ʔuq's'eɪ] |
ḃuqḃe [ʘ͡ʔuq'ʘ͡ʔe] |
ḃuqki't [ʘ͡ʔuq'k'iʔt'] |
ḃuqƀi [ʘ͡ʔuq'ʙ'i]
|
Out of (tẽ' [t'eɪʔ])
|
tẽ'ku [t'eɪʔk'u] |
tẽ'gi' [t'eɪʔɠiʔ] |
tẽ'bũ'k [t'eɪʔɓuʊʔk'] |
tẽ'sẽ [t'eɪʔs'eɪ] |
tẽ'ḃe [t'eɪʔʘ͡ʔe] |
tẽ'ki't [t'eɪʔk'iʔt'] |
tẽ'ƀi [t'eɪʔʙ'i]
|
Pro-Adverb
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Location (kĩ [k'iɪ])
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kĩku [k'iɪk'u] |
kĩgi' [k'iɪɠiʔ] |
kĩbũ'k [k'iɪɓuʊʔk'] |
kĩsẽ [k'iɪs'eɪ] |
kĩḃe [k'iɪʘ͡ʔe] |
kĩki't [k'iɪk'iʔt'] |
kĩƀi [k'iɪʙ'i]
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Time (to [t'o])
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toku [t'ok'u] |
togi' [t'oɠiʔ] |
tobũ'k [t'oɓuʊʔk'] |
tosẽ [t'os'eɪ] |
toḃe [t'oʘ͡ʔe] |
toki't [t'ok'iʔt'] |
toƀi [t'oʙ'i]
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Manner (ḋi'ǥ [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛ])
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ḋi'ǥku [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛk'u] |
ḋi'ǥgi' [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛɠiʔ] |
ḋi'ǥbũ'k [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛɓuʊʔk'] |
ḋi'ǥsẽ [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛs'eɪ] |
ḋi'ǥḃe [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛʘ͡ʔe] |
ḋi'ǥki't [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛk'iʔt'] |
ḋi'ǥƀi [ǃ͡ʔiʔʛʙ'i]
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Reason (qi [q'i])
|
qiku [q'ik'u] |
qigi' [q'iɠiʔ] |
qibũ'k [q'iɓuʊʔk'] |
qisẽ [q'is'eɪ] |
qiḃe [q'iʘ͡ʔe] |
qiki't [q'ik'iʔt'] |
qiƀi [q'iʙ'i]
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See Also[]
Mouth Structures[]